Itchy, red, and often mistaken for dry skin – fungal infections are more common than you might think.
These skin conditions are caused by microscopic organisms that thrive in warm, moist environments, making the infections more likely during humid months.
Whether it is athlete’s foot, ringworm, or a yeast infection, fungal infections can show up anywhere on the body – and they do not discriminate by age or hygiene.
There are two main types of skin fungal infections – dermatophyte infection and yeast infections.
What is a dermatophyte infection?
Dermatophytes are the fungi that cause tinea, also known as fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails.
“This can be athlete’s foot, ringworm on the body, jock itch which affects the groin, nails or patchy hair loss on the scalp,” said Richard Antaya, MD, director of Pediatric Dermatology at Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital and a professor of Dermatology, Pediatrics and Nursing at Yale School of Medicine.
Symptoms can include itching, scaling, redness, and a ring-shaped rash.
Dermatophytes can be transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals, animals or soil or indirectly through contaminated items like clothing, towels or grooming tools.
These infections usually have distinctive symptoms that make them recognizable through visual examination. If further tests are needed, the doctor can scrape the skin or nail or collect hair samples looking for evidence under the microscope, and a fungal culture may be necessary at times.
What is yeast infection?
A yeast infection on the skin, also known as cutaneous candidiasis, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of yeast, specifically Candida, on the skin or an imbalance in the vaginal flora.
Candida normally lives in the intestines and the vagina or the vulva. However, certain factors can cause it to multiply, excessively, leading to an infection.
“Moisture supports the growth of fungus,” added Dr. Antaya.
It commonly occurs in skin folds like underarms, groin, under the breasts and areas where skin rubs together.
Symptoms for a yeast infection on the skin can vary depending on the severity of the infection. It can be a red, itchy rash or in more serious cases, the skin can break down and ooze fluid. Often there are small, pimple-like or scaly round lesions surrounding the central infection.
Vaginal yeast infections can cause intense itching and burning in the vagina and vulva or thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge.
Many factors can contribute to an overgrowth of yeast such as:
- Antibiotic use: This type of medicine can kill off healthy bacteria that keep yeast in check
- Weakened immune system: Those with HIV or undergoing chemotherapy are more susceptible
- Tight-fitting clothing: It can trap heat and moisture, creating an ideal environment for yeast growth
- Hormonal changes: estrogen levels increase during pregnancy and menstruation, which can create a favorable environment for yeast growth
How can I prevent skin fungal infections?
It is important to focus on hygiene, keeping skin dry, and avoiding environments where fungi thrive.
“Dry the area out. Whether it is in between your toes, your armpits or under your breasts,” added Dr. Antaya. “Powder, particularly antifungal powder, can keep the skin dry and inhibit fungal growth in moist areas.”
During the summer, opt for loose-fitting clothing made from natural fibers like cotton that allow air to circulate. Changing towels and clothing regularly, especially after sweating or exercising can reduce the chance of getting an infection.
Public areas like pools and locker rooms can be hotspots for fungal transmission. Flip flops or shower shoes are recommended in communal showers, saunas, and around pools.
How are skin fungal infections treated?
Topical or oral antifungal medications are effective treatments, depending on the severity and location of the infection. For localized skin infections, topical antifungals such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or terbinafine. Oral antifungals such as fluconazole, terbinafine, itraconazole, or griseofulvin may be prescribed for more stubborn or deep infections.
“An individual should start seeing relief in one to two days. We usually tell someone seven to 14 days is an average course for these medicines,” added Dr. Antaya. “The shorter duration is only for medications like terbinafine, but clotrimazole usually is longer. It also depends on the type of infection.”
When using topical medications, it is important to apply the treatment as directed, typically two times per day. If symptoms go away after one week, it is best to continue using the medication to ensure the fungus is fully eliminated.
“The topicals can be used long term if the person is immunocompromised or they suffer from an immunodeficiency,” added Dr. Antaya. “Typically, we recommend using a powder long term to maintain control.”
Skin fungal infections are common, treatable, and usually not serious – but they require the right care. Starting treatment early and following through until the infection is fully cleared helps prevent recurrence and protects your skin’s health.
If you or a loved one is dealing with a persistent rash or recurring skin infection, our dermatology experts are here to help. Find a dermatologist to schedule an appointment.
